Re: [PATCH 1/10] Add generic helpers for arch IPI function calls
From: Paul E. McKenney
Date: Tue Apr 29 2008 - 09:59:52 EST
On Tue, Apr 29, 2008 at 09:26:21AM +0200, Jens Axboe wrote:
> This adds kernel/smp.c which contains helpers for IPI function calls. In
> addition to supporting the existing smp_call_function() in a more efficient
> manner, it also adds a more scalable variant called smp_call_function_single()
> for calling a given function on a single CPU only.
>
> The core of this is based on the x86-64 patch from Nick Piggin, lots of
> changes since then. "Alan D. Brunelle" <Alan.Brunelle@xxxxxx> has
> contributed lots of fixes and suggestions as well.
Looks much better, but there still appears to be a potential deadlock
with a CPU spinning waiting (indirectly) for a grace period to complete.
Such spinning can prevent the grace period from ever completing.
See "!!!".
Thanx, Paul
> Acked-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@xxxxxxx>
> Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@xxxxxxxxxx>
> ---
> arch/Kconfig | 3 +
> include/linux/smp.h | 31 ++++-
> init/main.c | 1 +
> kernel/Makefile | 1 +
> kernel/smp.c | 415 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
> 5 files changed, 449 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)
> create mode 100644 kernel/smp.c
>
> diff --git a/arch/Kconfig b/arch/Kconfig
> index 694c9af..a5a0184 100644
> --- a/arch/Kconfig
> +++ b/arch/Kconfig
> @@ -36,3 +36,6 @@ config HAVE_KPROBES
>
> config HAVE_KRETPROBES
> def_bool n
> +
> +config USE_GENERIC_SMP_HELPERS
> + def_bool n
> diff --git a/include/linux/smp.h b/include/linux/smp.h
> index 55232cc..b22b4fc 100644
> --- a/include/linux/smp.h
> +++ b/include/linux/smp.h
> @@ -7,9 +7,19 @@
> */
>
> #include <linux/errno.h>
> +#include <linux/list.h>
> +#include <linux/spinlock.h>
> +#include <linux/cpumask.h>
>
> extern void cpu_idle(void);
>
> +struct call_single_data {
> + struct list_head list;
> + void (*func) (void *info);
> + void *info;
> + unsigned int flags;
> +};
> +
> #ifdef CONFIG_SMP
>
> #include <linux/preempt.h>
> @@ -53,9 +63,27 @@ extern void smp_cpus_done(unsigned int max_cpus);
> * Call a function on all other processors
> */
> int smp_call_function(void(*func)(void *info), void *info, int retry, int wait);
> -
> +int smp_call_function_mask(cpumask_t mask, void(*func)(void *info), void *info,
> + int wait);
> int smp_call_function_single(int cpuid, void (*func) (void *info), void *info,
> int retry, int wait);
> +void __smp_call_function_single(int cpuid, struct call_single_data *data);
> +
> +/*
> + * Generic and arch helpers
> + */
> +#ifdef CONFIG_USE_GENERIC_SMP_HELPERS
> +void generic_smp_call_function_single_interrupt(void);
> +void generic_smp_call_function_interrupt(void);
> +void init_call_single_data(void);
> +void arch_send_call_function_single_ipi(int cpu);
> +void arch_send_call_function_ipi(cpumask_t mask);
> +extern spinlock_t call_function_lock;
> +#else
> +static inline void init_call_single_data(void)
> +{
> +}
> +#endif
>
> /*
> * Call a function on all processors
> @@ -112,7 +140,6 @@ static inline void smp_send_reschedule(int cpu) { }
> })
> #define smp_call_function_mask(mask, func, info, wait) \
> (up_smp_call_function(func, info))
> -
> #endif /* !SMP */
>
> /*
> diff --git a/init/main.c b/init/main.c
> index 1687b01..81b652e 100644
> --- a/init/main.c
> +++ b/init/main.c
> @@ -778,6 +778,7 @@ static void __init do_pre_smp_initcalls(void)
> {
> extern int spawn_ksoftirqd(void);
>
> + init_call_single_data();
> migration_init();
> spawn_ksoftirqd();
> if (!nosoftlockup)
> diff --git a/kernel/Makefile b/kernel/Makefile
> index 6c5f081..7e275d4 100644
> --- a/kernel/Makefile
> +++ b/kernel/Makefile
> @@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ obj-$(CONFIG_DEBUG_RT_MUTEXES) += rtmutex-debug.o
> obj-$(CONFIG_RT_MUTEX_TESTER) += rtmutex-tester.o
> obj-$(CONFIG_GENERIC_ISA_DMA) += dma.o
> obj-$(CONFIG_SMP) += cpu.o spinlock.o
> +obj-$(CONFIG_USE_GENERIC_SMP_HELPERS) += smp.o
> obj-$(CONFIG_DEBUG_SPINLOCK) += spinlock.o
> obj-$(CONFIG_PROVE_LOCKING) += spinlock.o
> obj-$(CONFIG_UID16) += uid16.o
> diff --git a/kernel/smp.c b/kernel/smp.c
> new file mode 100644
> index 0000000..36d3eca
> --- /dev/null
> +++ b/kernel/smp.c
> @@ -0,0 +1,415 @@
> +/*
> + * Generic helpers for smp ipi calls
> + *
> + * (C) Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@xxxxxxxxxx> 2008
> + *
> + */
> +#include <linux/init.h>
> +#include <linux/module.h>
> +#include <linux/percpu.h>
> +#include <linux/rcupdate.h>
> +#include <linux/smp.h>
> +
> +static DEFINE_PER_CPU(struct call_single_queue, call_single_queue);
> +static LIST_HEAD(call_function_queue);
> +__cacheline_aligned_in_smp DEFINE_SPINLOCK(call_function_lock);
> +
> +enum {
> + CSD_FLAG_WAIT = 0x01,
> + CSD_FLAG_ALLOC = 0x02,
> + CSD_FLAG_FALLBACK = 0x04,
> +};
> +
> +struct call_function_data {
> + struct call_single_data csd;
> + spinlock_t lock;
> + unsigned int refs;
> + cpumask_t cpumask;
> + struct rcu_head rcu_head;
> +};
> +
> +struct call_single_queue {
> + struct list_head list;
> + spinlock_t lock;
> +};
> +
> +static DEFINE_PER_CPU(struct call_function_data, cfd_fallback);
> +static DEFINE_PER_CPU(unsigned long, cfd_fallback_used);
> +
> +void __cpuinit init_call_single_data(void)
> +{
> + int i;
> +
> + for_each_possible_cpu(i) {
> + struct call_single_queue *q = &per_cpu(call_single_queue, i);
> +
> + spin_lock_init(&q->lock);
> + INIT_LIST_HEAD(&q->list);
> + }
> +}
> +
> +static void csd_flag_wait(struct call_single_data *data)
> +{
> + /* Wait for response */
> + do {
> + /*
> + * We need to see the flags store in the IPI handler
> + */
> + smp_mb();
> + if (!(data->flags & CSD_FLAG_WAIT))
> + break;
> + cpu_relax();
> + } while (1);
> +}
> +
> +/*
> + * Insert a previously allocated call_single_data element for execution
> + * on the given CPU. data must already have ->func, ->info, and ->flags set.
> + */
> +static void generic_exec_single(int cpu, struct call_single_data *data)
> +{
> + struct call_single_queue *dst = &per_cpu(call_single_queue, cpu);
> + int wait = data->flags & CSD_FLAG_WAIT, ipi;
> + unsigned long flags;
> +
> + spin_lock_irqsave(&dst->lock, flags);
> + ipi = list_empty(&dst->list);
> + list_add_tail(&data->list, &dst->list);
> + spin_unlock_irqrestore(&dst->lock, flags);
> +
> + if (ipi)
> + arch_send_call_function_single_ipi(cpu);
> +
> + if (wait)
> + csd_flag_wait(data);
> +}
> +
> +/*
> + * We need to have a global per-cpu fallback of call_function_data, so
> + * we can safely proceed with smp_call_function() if dynamic allocation
> + * fails and we cannot fall back to on-stack allocation (if wait == 0).
> + */
> +static noinline void acquire_cpu_fallback(int cpu)
> +{
> + while (test_and_set_bit_lock(0, &per_cpu(cfd_fallback_used, cpu)))
> + cpu_relax();
!!! What if this CPU recently did a smp_call_function_mask() in no-wait mode,
and this CPU's fallback element is still waiting for a grace period
to elapse? Wouldn't we end up with a deadlock, with this CPU spinning
preventing the grace period from completing, thus preventing the element
from ever being freed?
> +}
> +
> +static noinline void free_cpu_fallback(struct call_single_data *csd)
> +{
> + struct call_function_data *data;
> + int cpu;
> +
> + data = container_of(csd, struct call_function_data, csd);
> +
> + /*
> + * We could drop this loop by embedding a cpu variable in
> + * csd, but this should happen so extremely rarely (if ever)
> + * that this seems like a better idea
> + */
> + for_each_possible_cpu(cpu) {
> + if (&per_cpu(cfd_fallback, cpu) != data)
> + continue;
> +
> + clear_bit_unlock(0, &per_cpu(cfd_fallback_used, cpu));
> + break;
> + }
> +}
> +
> +static void rcu_free_call_data(struct rcu_head *head)
> +{
> + struct call_function_data *data;
> +
> + data = container_of(head, struct call_function_data, rcu_head);
> +
> + if (data->csd.flags & CSD_FLAG_ALLOC)
> + kfree(data);
> + else
> + free_cpu_fallback(&data->csd);
> +}
Good, now there is no need to worry about readers seeing a recycling
event on the fallback element. I just need to go check to see what
readers do if there is no memory available and the fallback element
is in use...
> +
> +/*
> + * Invoked by arch to handle an IPI for call function. Must be called with
> + * interrupts disabled.
> + */
> +void generic_smp_call_function_interrupt(void)
> +{
> + struct call_function_data *data;
> + int cpu = get_cpu();
> +
> + /*
> + * It's ok to use list_for_each_rcu() here even though we may delete
> + * 'pos', since list_del_rcu() doesn't clear ->next
> + */
> + rcu_read_lock();
> + list_for_each_entry_rcu(data, &call_function_queue, csd.list) {
Much improved over the earlier list_for_each_entry()!!!
> + int refs;
> +
> + if (!cpu_isset(cpu, data->cpumask))
> + continue;
> +
> + data->csd.func(data->csd.info);
> +
> + spin_lock(&data->lock);
> + cpu_clear(cpu, data->cpumask);
> + WARN_ON(data->refs == 0);
> + data->refs--;
> + refs = data->refs;
> + spin_unlock(&data->lock);
> +
> + if (refs)
> + continue;
> +
> + spin_lock(&call_function_lock);
> + list_del_rcu(&data->csd.list);
> + spin_unlock(&call_function_lock);
> +
> + if (data->csd.flags & CSD_FLAG_WAIT) {
> + /*
> + * serialize stores to data with the flag clear
> + * and wakeup
> + */
> + smp_wmb();
> + data->csd.flags &= ~CSD_FLAG_WAIT;
> + } else
> + call_rcu(&data->rcu_head, rcu_free_call_data);
> + }
> + rcu_read_unlock();
> +
> + put_cpu();
> +}
> +
> +/*
> + * Invoked by arch to handle an IPI for call function single. Must be called
> + * from the arch with interrupts disabled.
> + */
> +void generic_smp_call_function_single_interrupt(void)
> +{
> + struct call_single_queue *q = &__get_cpu_var(call_single_queue);
> + LIST_HEAD(list);
> +
> + /*
> + * Need to see other stores to list head for checking whether
> + * list is empty without holding q->lock
> + */
> + smp_mb();
> + while (!list_empty(&q->list)) {
> + unsigned int data_flags;
> +
> + spin_lock(&q->lock);
> + list_replace_init(&q->list, &list);
> + spin_unlock(&q->lock);
> +
> + while (!list_empty(&list)) {
> + struct call_single_data *data;
> +
> + data = list_entry(list.next, struct call_single_data,
> + list);
> + list_del(&data->list);
> +
> + /*
> + * 'data' can be invalid after this call if
> + * flags == 0 (when called through
> + * generic_exec_single(), so save them away before
> + * making the call.
> + */
> + data_flags = data->flags;
> +
> + data->func(data->info);
> +
> + if (data_flags & CSD_FLAG_WAIT) {
> + smp_wmb();
> + data->flags &= ~CSD_FLAG_WAIT;
> + } else if (data_flags & CSD_FLAG_ALLOC)
> + kfree(data);
> + else if (data_flags & CSD_FLAG_FALLBACK)
> + free_cpu_fallback(data);
Here is is OK not to wait for a grace period -- this CPU owns the element,
so no one ease should be accessing it.
> + }
> + /*
> + * See comment on outer loop
> + */
> + smp_mb();
> + }
> +}
> +
> +/*
> + * smp_call_function_single - Run a function on a specific CPU
> + * @func: The function to run. This must be fast and non-blocking.
> + * @info: An arbitrary pointer to pass to the function.
> + * @retry: Unused
> + * @wait: If true, wait until function has completed on other CPUs.
> + *
> + * Returns 0 on success, else a negative status code.
> + */
> +int smp_call_function_single(int cpu, void (*func) (void *info), void *info,
> + int retry, int wait)
> +{
> + unsigned long flags;
> + /* prevent preemption and reschedule on another processor */
> + int me = get_cpu();
> +
> + /* Can deadlock when called with interrupts disabled */
> + WARN_ON(wait && irqs_disabled());
> +
> + if (cpu == me) {
> + local_irq_save(flags);
> + func(info);
> + local_irq_restore(flags);
> + } else {
> + struct call_single_data *data;
> +
> + if (wait) {
> + struct call_single_data d;
> +
> + data = &d;
> + data->flags = CSD_FLAG_WAIT;
> + } else {
> + data = kmalloc(sizeof(*data), GFP_ATOMIC);
> + if (data)
> + data->flags = CSD_FLAG_ALLOC;
> + else {
> + acquire_cpu_fallback(me);
Ah -- per-CPU fallback element, and we are presumably not permitted
to block during the course of the call. But then someone might be
using it after we exit this function!!! More on this elsewhere...
Hmmm... What about the no-wait case?
Ah, not a problem, because we always use the "d" element that is allocated
on our stack. But aren't we then passing a reference to an on-stack
variable out of scope? Don't we need to allocate "d" at the top level
of the function? Isn't gcc within its rights to get rid of this local
(perhaps re-using it for a compiler temporary or some such) as soon as
its scope ends?
> +
> + data = &per_cpu(cfd_fallback, me).csd;
> + data->flags = CSD_FLAG_FALLBACK;
> + }
> + }
> +
> + data->func = func;
> + data->info = info;
> + generic_exec_single(cpu, data);
If we are using the on-stack variable, generic_exec_single() is
guaranteed to wait until all other CPUs are done with it.
> + }
> +
> + put_cpu();
> + return 0;
> +}
> +EXPORT_SYMBOL(smp_call_function_single);
> +
> +/**
> + * __smp_call_function_single(): Run a function on another CPU
> + * @cpu: The CPU to run on.
> + * @data: Pre-allocated and setup data structure
> + *
> + * Like smp_call_function_single(), but allow caller to pass in a pre-allocated
> + * data structure. Useful for embedding @data inside other structures, for
> + * instance.
> + *
> + */
> +void __smp_call_function_single(int cpu, struct call_single_data *data)
> +{
> + /* Can deadlock when called with interrupts disabled */
> + WARN_ON((data->flags & CSD_FLAG_WAIT) && irqs_disabled());
> +
> + generic_exec_single(cpu, data);
> +}
> +
> +/**
> + * smp_call_function_mask(): Run a function on a set of other CPUs.
> + * @mask: The set of cpus to run on.
> + * @func: The function to run. This must be fast and non-blocking.
> + * @info: An arbitrary pointer to pass to the function.
> + * @wait: If true, wait (atomically) until function has completed on other CPUs.
> + *
> + * Returns 0 on success, else a negative status code.
> + *
> + * If @wait is true, then returns once @func has returned.
> + *
> + * You must not call this function with disabled interrupts or from a
> + * hardware interrupt handler or from a bottom half handler.
> + */
> +int smp_call_function_mask(cpumask_t mask, void (*func)(void *), void *info,
> + int wait)
> +{
> + struct call_function_data *data;
> + cpumask_t allbutself;
> + unsigned long flags;
> + int cpu, num_cpus;
> +
> + /* Can deadlock when called with interrupts disabled */
> + WARN_ON(wait && irqs_disabled());
> +
> + cpu = smp_processor_id();
> + allbutself = cpu_online_map;
> + cpu_clear(cpu, allbutself);
> + cpus_and(mask, mask, allbutself);
> + num_cpus = cpus_weight(mask);
> +
> + /*
> + * If zero CPUs, return. If just a single CPU, turn this request
> + * into a targetted single call instead since it's faster.
> + */
> + if (!num_cpus)
> + return 0;
> + else if (num_cpus == 1) {
> + cpu = first_cpu(mask);
> + return smp_call_function_single(cpu, func, info, 0, wait);
> + }
> +
> + if (wait) {
> + struct call_function_data d;
> +
> + data = &d;
> + data->csd.flags = CSD_FLAG_WAIT;
!!! We are passing "d" out of its scope -- need to move the declaration
to the top level.
> + } else {
> + data = kmalloc(sizeof(*data), GFP_ATOMIC);
> + if (data)
> + data->csd.flags = CSD_FLAG_ALLOC;
> + else {
> + acquire_cpu_fallback(cpu);
> +
> + data = &per_cpu(cfd_fallback, cpu);
> + data->csd.flags = CSD_FLAG_FALLBACK;
> + }
> + }
> +
> + spin_lock_init(&data->lock);
> + data->csd.func = func;
> + data->csd.info = info;
> + data->refs = num_cpus;
> +
> + /*
> + * need to see above stores before the cpumask is valid for the CPU
> + */
> + smp_wmb();
> + data->cpumask = mask;
> +
> + spin_lock_irqsave(&call_function_lock, flags);
> + list_add_tail_rcu(&data->csd.list, &call_function_queue);
> + spin_unlock_irqrestore(&call_function_lock, flags);
> +
> + /* Send a message to all CPUs in the map */
> + arch_send_call_function_ipi(mask);
> +
> + /* optionally wait for the CPUs to complete */
> + if (wait)
> + csd_flag_wait(&data->csd);
And there are no references to "d" past here. Preemption appears to be
disabled by all callers. So good.
Still might have the fallback element waiting for a grace period
past this point, which would interfere with a subsequent call to this
function!!!
> +
> + return 0;
> +}
> +EXPORT_SYMBOL(smp_call_function_mask);
> +
> +/**
> + * smp_call_function(): Run a function on all other CPUs.
> + * @func: The function to run. This must be fast and non-blocking.
> + * @info: An arbitrary pointer to pass to the function.
> + * @natomic: Unused
> + * @wait: If true, wait (atomically) until function has completed on other CPUs.
> + *
> + * Returns 0 on success, else a negative status code.
> + *
> + * If @wait is true, then returns once @func has returned; otherwise
> + * it returns just before the target cpu calls @func.
> + *
> + * You must not call this function with disabled interrupts or from a
> + * hardware interrupt handler or from a bottom half handler.
> + */
> +int smp_call_function(void (*func)(void *), void *info, int natomic, int wait)
> +{
> + int ret;
> +
> + preempt_disable();
> + ret = smp_call_function_mask(cpu_online_map, func, info, wait);
> + preempt_enable();
> + return ret;
> +}
> +EXPORT_SYMBOL(smp_call_function);
> --
> 1.5.5.1.57.g5909c
>
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